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據(jù)中國地動信息中心研究,東漢科學(xué)家張衡于公元132年創(chuàng)制的候風(fēng)地動儀(臺驗震器)在公元312-418年間失傳,南北朝(公元420-479年)范曄著《后漢書-張衡傳》用196個字作了記述,才得以永傳。百年來,許多研究者對其工作原理猜測不清,直立桿、倒立擺原理長期流行,從而影響到外形復(fù)原的合理性和對地動儀科學(xué)地位的公正評價。
科學(xué)家從現(xiàn)代地動的角度對驗震器的特點、《后漢書》的記載、都柱結(jié)構(gòu)與運動、隴西歷史地動、洛陽的地動烈度以及洛陽地動臺1987年10月25日記錄隴西地區(qū)4.8級地動圖等進行研究,確認候風(fēng)地動儀的工作原理是懸垂擺,觸發(fā)地動儀運動的是瑞利面波共振起到放大作用。長期流行的直立桿原理或倒立擺原理是不對的。
工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)也需要它,特別是農(nóng)業(yè)更明顯,幾千年按節(jié)氣下種,實際上是按日照區(qū)的緯度下種。天文地球儀不僅顯示節(jié)氣(季節(jié))同時顯示日照角度和每天的光照時間長短。辦公與居家都需要知曉日常的天文、時間等信息,它作辦公室與居家的陳設(shè)品也十分雅致,標致主人的文化素質(zhì)。特別在住房越來越寬暢的前提下,為它的陳設(shè)創(chuàng)造了條件。
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中國地球儀的制作始于元代,由天文學(xué)家扎馬魯丁為元朝廷督造,球面上反映了地球表面的海、陸分布狀況,屬于原始的繪制方法。明萬歷年間意大利傳教士利瑪竇來華后,為向中國傳授古希臘的地圓說,親自制作地球儀,并著有《坤輿萬國全圖》。受其影響,明萬歷三十一年(1603年),學(xué)者李之藻制成一架地球儀。約在崇禎三年(1630年),朝廷也制作了一架地球儀。這些地球儀上繪制了經(jīng)緯網(wǎng),擴充了我國此前的地球儀上只有27處觀測點的緯度,包括了赤道、南北回歸線、南北極圈的整個地球緯度,也彌補了我國此前不知經(jīng)度的空白,并標注了五洲說,使當(dāng)朝人能以了解西方地理大發(fā)現(xiàn)的新知識。繼明之后,喜愛科學(xué)的康熙皇帝不僅引進、制作,還熟練使用許多來自西方的科學(xué)儀器,使他的天文、地理、數(shù)學(xué)知識都超出了其他歷代的統(tǒng)治者。
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